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University, took as samples 200 male prisoners from Yaxchilan Men's Correctional
Institute and 150 female prisoners from Monambak Women's Prison. The prisoners were
each made to work through a series of activities designed to assess performance in
three separate literacy areas. The three areas included what the study tem1ede
'X-literacy', which is the ability to correctly fill out forms or follow written
directions; 'Y-literacy', the comprehension of reading passages; and 'Z-literacy',
which calls for correct interpretation of text that is primarily number-based. This
latter skill often includes some calculation. All activities were identical to those
used in a national adult literacy survey carried out in 1990.

　　It was found that the prison population did, in fact, have a lower rate of
X-literacy than the general population, but that the overall difference was slight.
In an activity which had the prisoners complete mock job applications, for example,
just 62% of female and 60% of male prisoners could correctly fill out the
applications compared with 66%in the national adult sample (see figure l). Similar
differences were found between general and prison population completing insurance
applications, although it should be mentioned that individual differences in this
task were great.

　　There were activities in which prisoners did more noticeably worse. however.
In one activity, the proportion of male prisoners who could correctly identify the
main and secondary points of newspaper articles was 54%, compared with 64% of the
general public. Interestingly, female prisoners, with 61%, were much closer to the
national average for this activity. Prisoners, again more noticeably males, also
did significantly worse in keeping a running total of a bank account, a quantitative
task of relative complexity.

　　But, Importantly, both male and female prisoners outperformed the national adult
sample in other activities; in one, far fewer general adults than prisoners could
correctly interpret tram timetables, while in identifying directions on medical
prescriptions, both male and female prisoners were marginally better than their
counterparts on the other side of the prison fence.

Questions 14-18
Below is a list of the materials used in assessing the three literacy areas in the NPD study. Complete the list. Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 14-18 on your answer sheet.
MATERIALS USED IN:
X-literacy activities
·(14)...
·(15)...
Example ·medical prescriptions
Y-literacy activities
·(16)...
Z-literacy activities
·(17)...
·(18)...

Answer:
14. job applications
15. insurance applications
16. newspaper articles
17. train timetables
18. bank accounts

Passage3..
Job satisfaction and personnel mobility

　　Europe, and indeed al the major industrialized nations, is currently going through a
recession. This obviously has serious implications for companies and personnel who find
themselves victims of the downturn. As Britain apparently eases out of recession, there are
also potentially equally serious implications for the companies who survive, associated with
the employment and recruitment market in general.

　　During a recession, voluntary staff turnover is bound to fall sharply. Staff who have
been with a company for some years will clearly not want to risk losing their accumulated
redundancy rights. Furthermore, they will be unwilling to go to a new organization where
they may well be joining on a 'last in, first out' basis. Consequently, even if there is little or
no job satisfaction in their current post, they are most likely to remain where they are, quietly
sitting it out and waiting for things to improve. In Britain, this situation has been aggravated
by the length and nature of the recession-as may also prove to be the case in the rest of
Europe and beyond.

　　In the past, companies used to take on staff at the lower levels and reward loyal
employees with internal promotions. This opportunity for a lifetime career with one company
is no longer available, owing to 'downsizing' of companies, structural reorganizations and
redundancy programmes, all of which have affected middle management as much as the
lower levels. This reduction in the layers of management has led to flatter hierarchies, which,
in turn, has reduced promotion prospects within most companies. Whereas ambitious
personnel had become used to regular promotion, they new find their progress is blocked.

　　This situation is compounded by yet another factor. When staff at any level are taken on,
it is usually from outside and promotion is increasingly through career moves between
companies. Recession has created a new breed of bright young graduates, much more
self-interested and cynical than in the past. They tend to be more wary, skeptical of what is
on offer and consequently much tougher negotiators. Those who joined companies directly
from education feel the effects most strongly and now feel uncertain and insecure in mid-life.

　　In many cases, this has resulted in staff dissatisfaction. More over, management itself has
contributed to this general ill-feeling and frustration. The caring image of the recent past has
gone and the fear of redundancy is often used as the prime motivator.

　　As a result of all these factors, when the recession eases and people find more confidence,
there will be an explosion of employees seeking new opportunities to escape their current
jobs. This will be led by younger, less-experienced employees and the hard-headed young
graduates. 'Head-hunters' confirm that older staff are still cautious, having seen so many good
companies 'go to the wall', and are reluctant to jeopardize their redundancy entitlements. Past
experience, however, suggests that, once triggered, the expansion in recruitment will be very
rapid.

　　The problem which faces many organizations is one of strategic planning; of not knowing
who will leave and who will stay. Often it is the best personnel who move on whilst the worst
cling to the little security they have. This is clearly a problem for companies, who need a
stable core on which to build strategies for future growth.

　　Whilst this expansion in the recruitment market is likely to happen soon in Britain, most
employers are simply not prepared. With the loss of middle management, in a static
marketplace, personnel management and recruitment are often conducted by junior personnel.
They have only known recession and lack the experience to plan ahead and to implement
strategies for growth. This is true of many other functions, leaving companies without the
skills, ability or vision to structure themselves for long-term growth. without this ability to
recruit competitively for strategic planning, and given the speed at which these changes are
likely to occur, a real crisis seems imminent.

Questions 1-2
According to the information in the reading passage, select the most appropriate of the given options (A-D). write the appropriate letter for each question in boxes 1-2 on your answer sheet.
1. The current economic downturn...
A has serious consequences for personnel and companies which survive
B has serious consequences for companies which survive aWww Mortgagereductionmortage Tag Credit Scores Mortgage Reduction Mortage testmodel g Mortgage Reduction Mortage rWww Mortgagereductionmortage Tag Credit Scores Mortgage Reduction Mortage testmodel c g Mortgage Reduction Mortage